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Data

Affiliation of research teams building notable AI systems, by year of publication

See all data and research on:
Artificial Intelligence

What you should know about this indicator

How is this data described by its producer?

The distinction is documented in Academia and Industry. Systems are categorized as “Industry” if their authors are affiliated with private sector organizations, “Academia” if the authors are affiliated with universities or academic institutions, or “Industry - Academia Collaboration” when at least 30% of the authors are from each. Possible values: Industry, Research Collective, Academia, Industry - Academia Collaboration (Industry leaning), Industry - Academia Collaboration (Academia leaning), Non-profit

Affiliation of research teams building notable AI systems, by year of publication
Describes the sector where the authors of a notable AI system have their primary affiliations. The 2026 data is incomplete and was last updated 07 March 2026.
Source
Epoch AI (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data
Last updated
March 12, 2025
Next expected update
May 2026
Date range
1950–2025
Unit
AI systems

Sources and processing

This data is based on the following sources

Epoch AI – Parameter, Compute and Data Trends in Machine Learning

Retrieved on
March 7, 2026
Retrieved from
https://epoch.ai/mlinputs/visualization
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
Epoch AI, ‘Parameter, Compute and Data Trends in Machine Learning’. Published online at epochai.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://epoch.ai/data/epochdb/visualization’ [online resource]
Retrieved on
March 7, 2026
Retrieved from
https://epoch.ai/mlinputs/visualization
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
Epoch AI, ‘Parameter, Compute and Data Trends in Machine Learning’. Published online at epochai.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://epoch.ai/data/epochdb/visualization’ [online resource]

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At the link below you can find a detailed description of the structure of our data pipeline, including links to all the code used to prepare data across Our World in Data.

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  • All data produced by third-party providers and made available by Our World in Data are subject to the license terms from the original providers. Our work would not be possible without the data providers we rely on, so we ask you to always cite them appropriately (see below). This is crucial to allow data providers to continue doing their work, enhancing, maintaining and updating valuable data.
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Citations

How to cite this page

To cite this page overall, including any descriptions, FAQs or explanations of the data authored by Our World in Data, please use the following citation:

“Data Page: Affiliation of research teams building notable AI systems, by year of publication”, part of the following publication: Charlie Giattino, Edouard Mathieu, Veronika Samborska, and Max Roser (2023) - “Artificial Intelligence”. Data adapted from Epoch AI. Retrieved from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260308-063423/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.html [online resource] (archived on March 8, 2026).

How to cite this data

In-line citationIf you have limited space (e.g. in data visualizations), you can use this abbreviated in-line citation:

Epoch AI (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data

Full citation

Epoch AI (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Affiliation of research teams building notable AI systems, by year of publication” [dataset]. Epoch AI, “Parameter, Compute and Data Trends in Machine Learning” [original data]. Retrieved April 1, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260308-063423/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.html (archived on March 8, 2026).

Download

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Download the data shown in this chart as a ZIP file containing a CSV file, metadata in JSON format, and a README. The CSV file can be opened in Excel, Google Sheets, and other data analysis tools.

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Data API

Use these URLs to programmatically access this chart's data and configure your requests with the options below. Our documentation provides more information on how to use the API, and you can find a few code examples below.

Data URL (CSV format)
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false
Metadata URL (JSON format)
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.metadata.json?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false

Code examples

Examples of how to load this data into different data analysis tools.

Excel / Google Sheets
=IMPORTDATA("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false")
Python with Pandas
import pandas as pd
import requests

# Fetch the data.
df = pd.read_csv("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false", storage_options = {'User-Agent': 'Our World In Data data fetch/1.0'})

# Fetch the metadata
metadata = requests.get("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.metadata.json?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false").json()
R
library(jsonlite)

# Fetch the data
df <- read.csv("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false")

# Fetch the metadata
metadata <- fromJSON("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.metadata.json?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false")
Stata
import delimited "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false", encoding("utf-8") clear