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Scholarly publications in artificial intelligence

See all data and research on:
Artificial Intelligence

What you should know about this indicator

  • CSET sources the data on the number of articles and citations from the Merged Academic Corpus (MAC), which includes over 260 million academic articles.
  • Articles are marked as AI-related using an automated system.
  • Articles are linked to countries based on the authors’ listed organizations. If at least one author is from an institution in a country, the article counts for that country.
  • If authors are from multiple countries, the article counts once for each country, but only once per country even if there are multiple authors from the same place.
  • For example, an article with authors from both the U.S. and Japan counts once for each.
Scholarly publications in artificial intelligence
English- and Chinese-language scholarly publications related to the development and application of AI. This includes journal articles, conference papers, repository publications (such as arXiv), books, and theses.
Source
Center for Security and Emerging Technology (2025) – processed by Our World in Data
Last updated
October 22, 2025
Next expected update
October 2026
Date range
2015–2023
Unit
articles

Related research and writing

Artificial intelligence has advanced despite having few resources dedicated to its development — now investments have increased substantially

Max Roser

Sources and processing

This data is based on the following sources

Center for Security and Emerging Technology – Country Activity Tracker: Artificial Intelligence

The research data in CAT (Country Attributes and Topics) is derived from ETO's Merged Academic Corpus (MAC), which contains detailed information on over 270 million scholarly articles worldwide. CAT uses only AI-related articles from the MAC. Articles are attributed to countries based on the author organizations listed in each article's metadata. An article is attributed to a country if it lists at least one author affiliated with an organization in that country.

The top ten authors for each country are identified based on the number of citations to articles they released while affiliated with institutions in that country. CAT classifies articles into AI subfields using subject assignment scores in the MAC. Articles are assigned to up to three subfields based on their scores.

CAT includes patent data from 1790 Analytics and Dimensions, and it counts AI-related patent families, including patent applications and granted patents. Patents are attributed to the country where they are filed, not necessarily the inventor's nationality. CAT also uses Crunchbase data to identify AI-related companies based on various criteria and includes investment metrics for these companies.

The data in CAT is updated at least once a quarter, with plans for more frequent updates in the future.

Retrieved on
October 22, 2025
Retrieved from
https://cat.eto.tech/
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
Center for Security and Emerging Technology (2025). Emerging Technology Observatory Country Activity Tracker, Artificial Intelligence.

The research data in CAT (Country Attributes and Topics) is derived from ETO's Merged Academic Corpus (MAC), which contains detailed information on over 270 million scholarly articles worldwide. CAT uses only AI-related articles from the MAC. Articles are attributed to countries based on the author organizations listed in each article's metadata. An article is attributed to a country if it lists at least one author affiliated with an organization in that country.

The top ten authors for each country are identified based on the number of citations to articles they released while affiliated with institutions in that country. CAT classifies articles into AI subfields using subject assignment scores in the MAC. Articles are assigned to up to three subfields based on their scores.

CAT includes patent data from 1790 Analytics and Dimensions, and it counts AI-related patent families, including patent applications and granted patents. Patents are attributed to the country where they are filed, not necessarily the inventor's nationality. CAT also uses Crunchbase data to identify AI-related companies based on various criteria and includes investment metrics for these companies.

The data in CAT is updated at least once a quarter, with plans for more frequent updates in the future.

Retrieved on
October 22, 2025
Retrieved from
https://cat.eto.tech/
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
Center for Security and Emerging Technology (2025). Emerging Technology Observatory Country Activity Tracker, Artificial Intelligence.

How we process data at Our World in Data

All data and visualizations on Our World in Data rely on data sourced from one or several original data providers. Preparing this original data involves several processing steps. Depending on the data, this can include standardizing country names and world region definitions, converting units, calculating derived indicators such as per capita measures, as well as adding or adapting metadata such as the name or the description given to an indicator.

At the link below you can find a detailed description of the structure of our data pipeline, including links to all the code used to prepare data across Our World in Data.

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  • All data produced by third-party providers and made available by Our World in Data are subject to the license terms from the original providers. Our work would not be possible without the data providers we rely on, so we ask you to always cite them appropriately (see below). This is crucial to allow data providers to continue doing their work, enhancing, maintaining and updating valuable data.
  • All data, visualizations, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited.

Citations

How to cite this page

To cite this page overall, including any descriptions, FAQs or explanations of the data authored by Our World in Data, please use the following citation:

“Data Page: Scholarly publications in artificial intelligence”, part of the following publication: Charlie Giattino, Edouard Mathieu, Veronika Samborska, and Max Roser (2023) - “Artificial Intelligence”. Data adapted from Center for Security and Emerging Technology. Retrieved from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260304-094028/grapher/annual-scholarly-publications-on-artificial-intelligence.html [online resource] (archived on March 4, 2026).

How to cite this data

In-line citationIf you have limited space (e.g. in data visualizations), you can use this abbreviated in-line citation:

Center for Security and Emerging Technology (2025) – processed by Our World in Data

Full citation

Center for Security and Emerging Technology (2025) – processed by Our World in Data. “Scholarly publications in artificial intelligence” [dataset]. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, “Country Activity Tracker: Artificial Intelligence” [original data]. Retrieved April 1, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260304-094028/grapher/annual-scholarly-publications-on-artificial-intelligence.html (archived on March 4, 2026).

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Data API

Use these URLs to programmatically access this chart's data and configure your requests with the options below. Our documentation provides more information on how to use the API, and you can find a few code examples below.

Data URL (CSV format)
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-scholarly-publications-on-artificial-intelligence.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false
Metadata URL (JSON format)
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-scholarly-publications-on-artificial-intelligence.metadata.json?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false

Code examples

Examples of how to load this data into different data analysis tools.

Excel / Google Sheets
=IMPORTDATA("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-scholarly-publications-on-artificial-intelligence.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false")
Python with Pandas
import pandas as pd
import requests

# Fetch the data.
df = pd.read_csv("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-scholarly-publications-on-artificial-intelligence.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false", storage_options = {'User-Agent': 'Our World In Data data fetch/1.0'})

# Fetch the metadata
metadata = requests.get("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-scholarly-publications-on-artificial-intelligence.metadata.json?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false").json()
R
library(jsonlite)

# Fetch the data
df <- read.csv("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-scholarly-publications-on-artificial-intelligence.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false")

# Fetch the metadata
metadata <- fromJSON("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-scholarly-publications-on-artificial-intelligence.metadata.json?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false")
Stata
import delimited "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-scholarly-publications-on-artificial-intelligence.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false", encoding("utf-8") clear